Most mandibular second molar has two canals in mesial root and one in distal. This report represents a case of mandibular second molar with three mesial and two distal root canals. To achieve the ideal goal of endodontic treatment, clinicians should be aware of the complicated configuration of the root canal system and use suitable methods to identify the accessory canals that exist possibly.
Wide spectrum of oral mucosal lesions can be caused by tobacco in any form. Tobacco use causes an array of changes in the oral cavity, from mucosal pigmentation to thickening, ulceration of the epithelium. Oral cancer and other oral mucosal lesions such as tobacco induced keratosis, leukoplakia, and submucous fibrosis are strongly associated with tobacco consumption. The prevalence and severity of lesions demonstrate a dose-response relationship, which is best predicted by the amount, frequency and duration of smokeless tobacco use.
Gangliosidosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease. There have been about 200 cases reported, to date. The Overall prevalence at birth of GM1 Gangliosidosis is estimated to be 1 in 100,000 to 300,000. It is an inherited enzyme deficiency of beta-galactosidase, which results in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids within the lysosomes. It leads to neurological, skeletal and dermatological manifestations. Inferred GM1 Gangliosidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder, affected by mutations in GLB1, encoding beta-galactosidase. The range of severity is from type 1 infantile disease, lethal in early childhood, to type 3 adult on set, resulting in gradually progressive neurological symptoms in adulthood. The case report relates to a 13 months old patient with early infantile type of Gangliosidosis.
An autopsy diagnosis of biliary atresia was made in a month old male infant who died following prolonged bleeding that lasted for about 8 hours after circumcision by a non-trained local circumcision practitioner.
We present a 40-year-old male who was admitted via the accident and emergency unit of the hospital on account of bleeding from the left ear following the injury sustained from road traffic accident about 10 hours prior to presentation.He sustained a head injury with left cerebrospinal fluid otorrhoea. Plain radiograph revealed wavy lucencies over the temporoparietal region with soft tissue swelling and a defect in the temporal bone extending in to the tympanomastoid area. Patient was managed conservatively with spontaneous closure of the fistula and resolution of the leakage within 8 days after head injury. We report this to further emphasis the role of conservative management in CSF fistula.
Synovial cysts (SC) of the spine are defined as cystic swelling of the synovial sheaths commonly occurs in the lumbar region. Most of the patients with lumbar synovial cysts (LSC) usually occur in their fifth to sixth decade of life with a female predominance. The aetiology of LSC is still unclear however strongly associated with spinal instability, facet joint arthropathy and degenerative spondylolisthesis. These can cause myeloradiculopathy due to compression to the spinal cord or the peripheral nerve roots. LSC which not response to conservative therapy should be treated surgically. Surgical excision and decompression with or without fusion and spinal instrumentation remains controversial. This fact collaborates with the aim of this report presentation of an elderly women with LSC complicated with progressive cauda equina syndrome with no history of trauma or associated symptoms. Urgent Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done in our clinic and revealed a single extradural LSC at L4 level and causes L4/5 spinal canal stenosis. We performed complete excision biopsy and posterior instrumentation with decompression for this patient. The neurological status of the patient was immediately improved and no recurrence symptoms on follow-up after one year postoperatively.
Ataxia telangiectasia is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration manifested as ataxia, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, and cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity. Clinically A-T cases presents itself with a variability of symptoms but basic primary presentations are almost always present. This case demonstrates a 7yrs old girl who presented with tremulousness of limbs, difficulty to move the eye ball with command and dysarthria. On further clinical examination, a plain MRI of Brain and other relevant investigations suggested this as a case of A-T. Thus rationale of this typical case report gives a glimpse about a variant of A-T which is often misdiagnosed as other ataxic disorders.
